P.G. Diploma in Geoinformatics (1 year)

This is a complete one year course, comprised of two semesters. The first session deals with the theoretical framework of Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS. Later on, the empirical tasks to be performed here involves earth feature identification and representation. Next the second semester proceeds with computer programming and cartographic techniques. This session provides the knowledge on disaster risk management through geo-spatial techniques. Moreover, the following session includes preparation of projects which will help the learners in refining the geo-based techniques.

Syllabus

Paper 1 : Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry

Unit 1 : Introduction to Remote Sensing

Concept: Definition, History of development, Process and elements of Remote Sensing, Advantages and limitations
Concept of EMR: Wavelength, Frequency & Energy relation of EMR, EMR Spectrum, Wavelength region wise application, Atmospheric window, EMR interaction with atmosphere and earth surface, Fundamentals theories and Law of EMR (Radiation laws, Stefan Boltzman law, Wien’s law, Kirchoff’s law, Concept of Blackbody)
Platforms, Sensors, Satellite & Resolution: Introduction and different types of Platform (Ground, Airborne and Spaceborn), Sensor (imagine & non-imagine; Active & Passive; Whiskbroom & Push broom), Satellite (Polar Orbital & Geostationary) and Resolution (Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric, Temporal)
Spectral signatures: Signature of soil, vegetation and water

Unit 2 : Introduction to Photogrammetry

Aerial Photography: Concept, History of development, Advantages and limitations, Types, Difference between maps and Aerial photography, Controlling parameters, types of camera, Displacement (Image displacement, Relief displacement, Radial displacement)
Geometry of Aerial Photograph: Determination of scale (Small and Large scale), Determination of height on aerial photograph, Stereoscopic Vision, Photographic overlay, Height determination from Stereo pair
Co-ordinate system: Relief distortion and Tilt distortion, , Digital Elevation, Model
Principal of digital Photogrammetry: Hardware & Software requirement, Image measurement, Digital Terrain Model (DTM)

Paper2 : Fundamentals of GIS and GPS

Unit 1: Introduction to GIS

Basic Concept: Definition, History, Components of GIS, GIS application, Advantages and limitations, GIS software packages
GIS Data: Spatial and Non spatial data, Data structure – Raster & Vector data structure, Vector data: Representation of geographic data in vector, Arc, Nodes, Vertices and topology, Data file
GIS database: Database creation & design, Database management, Introduction to DBMS & RDBMS, SQL operations, Manipulating dataset using SQL statement, Advantages of RDBMS, Restricting and sorting data (Using Cooperation condition), Logical operator: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, using BETWEEN, LIKE conditions
GIS data input: Nature of data, Methods of spatial data capture (Digitization and Scanning method), Rectification, Error identification, Reprojection, Transformation and Generalization

Unit 3 : Introduction to GPS

Basic Concept: Definition, Development, Components of GPS, Types, GPS application, Advantages and limitations, Satellite constellation, GPS signals and data, NAVSTAR, GLONASS, IRNSS
GPS surveying methods and accuracy: Static & Rapid static, Kinematic –Real time kinematic survey, Pseudo kinematic survey Factors affecting GPS accuracy, GPS application in surveying and mapping

Paper 3 : Fundamentals of Cartography and application of Geoinformatics in Earth Science

Unit 1 : Introduction to Cartography & Digital Cartography

Digital Cartography: Concept, Advantages and limitations
Map Scale: Definition, Projection system, Categories of maps & map scales
Measurement of geographical variables: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio scale Qualitative & Quantitative data
Digital Mapping: Design issues, Concept of visual variables, Map lattering, Map compilation, Generalization, Map composition, Multivariate and dynamic mapping, map production
Visualization of geospatial data – 2D & 3D Visualization

Unit 2 : Application of Geoinformatics in Earth Science

Geography as a discipline, Nature and scope
The Earth System: Concepts & Elements of Earth System, Structural Feature of the Earth
Concept of Geomorphology: Fundamental of Geomorphology, Geomorphic agent and process, Drainage system & its pattern, Classification of Landforms : Fluvial, Aeolian, Glacial and Marine, Rock types, Rock structure (Folds, Faults and Lineament)
Applications of Remote sensing in Geographical & Geological (Lithological and structural mapping), Multivariate data modeling application in Geosciences application

Paper 4 : Concepts of Geo statistical techniques and spatial decision support system

Unit 1 : Concepts of Geo statistical techniques

Grouped data and Ungrouped data, Concept of correlation
Correlation analysis scatter diagram, Root Mean Square Error
Surface modeling: Role of interpolation, Methods of interpolation, Inverse Distance Interpolation, Interpolation by Kriging, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network)
Organization of Data: Frequency, Class intervals, Histogram and distribution, Presentation of data – Tables, Diagrams

Unit 2 : Concept of spatial decision support system

SDSS: Concept, Characteristics, applications
Multi-criteria decision Analysis (MCDA): Elements, Structure of MCDA Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
Concept of Spatial Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
Concept of Weighting

Paper 5 : Digital image processing technique

Unit 1 : Introduction to Digital image processing technique

Introduction: Concept, Source of data, Data format, Hardware and software requirement in digital image processing, Data loading
Image processing: Sources of errors, Image rectification, Resampling techniques, Radiometric correction, Geometric correction, Contrast stretching – Linear and Non Linear
Spatial texture manipulation: Spatial filtering, Edge enhancement techniques and Fourier analysis
Multi Image manipulation: Band rationing and differencing, Principal Component Analysis, Image Fusion, Band Correlation, Statistical evaluation of image Quality Parameters

Unit 2 : Information Extraction from satellite imageries

Elements of Image Interpretation & Interpretation Keys: Visual & Digital Image Interpretation
Ground truthing, Spectral signature, Interpretation of target properties, Spatial pattern recognition, Spectral pattern recognition, Parametric and Non parametric classifier, Advantages and disadvantages of different classifies
Classifier Techniques: Unsupervised (Isodata, K-mean) and Supervised classification (Minimum distance to mean, Parallelepiped, Maximum Likelihood)
Accuracy assessment: Reference data, sampling techniques, Error matrix, Kappa statistics
Change detection analysis
Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Classifiers

Practical Paper: (Lab based work)

Unit 1 : Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry

Geo-referencing of Toposheets & Imagery
File export import, Conversion of file formats
Image registration / Geo coding, Projection, Creating Region of Interest
File sub setting / clipping Mosaic Air photo and Images
Feature identification and signature curve generation, Image Statistics & Histogram
Identification of different features using TM, FCC & Thermal Imagery
Interpretation of Satellite Imagery in Different Bands
Scale measurement of aerial photographs, Distance and area measurement of themes
Aerial-photo Interpretation for Terrain Evaluation and thematic mapping
Stereo plotting with photogrammetric Instruments

Unit 2 : Fundamentals of GIS and GPS

Digital database creation: Point, Line, Polygon
Conversion of Raster, Vector and Others
Managing Geo-database, geometric measurements tools & Changing Projection
Managing attribute table and thematic mapping
Map composition and representation
Relational Database Query
Logical operator: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, using BETWEEN, LIKE conditions
Attribute Data Input: Creation of Schema, Tables, Data Definition
Data Input, Data Updating, Queries on Tables, Simple-Complex Query with Two or More Tables Using SQL, Queries Using Union, Intersection
Join Etc Operations. Use of MS-Excel and MS Access
Introduction to a GPS and initial setting
Creating codes and attribute table for GPS receiver, Point Data collection using GPS with different datum, Line data collection using GPS and measurements, GPS data collection for area calculation
Post processing of the GPS data, GPS and GIS integrations output preparation

Unit 3 : Fundamentals of Cartography and application of Geoinformatics in Earth Science

Construction of different types of scales (Simple, Comparative & Diagonal)
Construction of Map Projection (Conical, Cylindrical, Zenithal Projection)
Designing, Symbolization, Pattern and Shading techniques
Identification of geographical feature (Lithological, Lineament, geological, Drainage pattern)
Surface Modelling: Analysis using DEM & TIN

Unit 4 : Concepts of Geo statistical techniques and spatial decision support system

Introduction of Statistical Software: Time series, Charts, Scatter plot with regression line, Histogram, Correlation, Neighbourhood analysis
Principal Component analysis, Spatial autocorrelation
Interpolation techniques: IDW and Krigging through GIS softwares
Extraction of image statistics
Regression model
Multi-criteria decision Analysis

Unit 5 : Digital image processing technique and information Extraction from satellite imageries

Image Processing System: Loading of Image Data, Identification of Objects on Visual Display, Study of Histograms and Layer Information
Image Enhancement Techniques: Linear and Non- Linear Contrast, Enhancement, Band Rationing, Edge Enhancement, High and Low Pass, Filtering
Atmospheric Correction & Geometric correction
Image Classification: Classification : Supervised, Unsupervised and Use of Different Algorithms, Change Detection
Accuracy Analysis: Producer, User Accuracy, Overall and Mapping, Accuracy, Kappa Coefficient, Confusion matrix
Presentation: Map Composition
Editing and Topology
Building, Area and Perimeter Estimation

Semester II :

Theory :

Paper 1 : Advance concepts in Remote sensing and GIS techniques

Unit 1 : Advance Remote Sensing techniques

Thermal Remote Sensing: Basic Principles, Physical Laws, Blackbodies and Emissivity, Thermal Infrared Radiation Properties, Thermal Infrared Atmospheric Windows, Interaction of Thermal Radiation with Terrain Elements,
Thermal Data Processing: Thermal Energy Detectors, Thermal Radiometers, Thermal Scanners, Interpreting Thermal Scanner imaginary, Applications
Microwave Remote Sensing: Basic Principles, Radar Operation, Polarization, Spatial Resolution, Radar Image Geometry, Relief Displacement, Shadows and Speckle effect, Side Looking Radar System (SLAR) Operation, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Radar Interferometry
RADAR Environmental Considerations: Surface Roughness Characteristics, Electrical Characteristics, Vegetation and Water response to Microwave energy, Microwave Remote Sensing and its advantages, Active and Passive Microwave Systems, Applications

Unit 2 :Advance techniques in GIS platform

Data Storage: Vector and Raster data model, Digital coding and storing of Point, Line and Polygon, Spaghetti Model, Topological Model, Quadtree, Conversion between Raster and Vector
Database Modeling: Hierarchical Model, Network Model, Relational Model
Data Organization: Chain Coding, Run-length Coding, Block Coding
Spatial Analysis: Types of Spatial Analysis, Measurement in GIS, Query – Query by Attributes, Spatial Queries, Attribute Based Operation, Neighborhood Analysis, Connectivity Analysis, Overlay and Coverage Rebuilding
Data Quality and Errors in GIS: Errors and Uncertainty in GIS data, Positional and Attribute Accuracy
 Web GIS, Mobile GIS

Unit 3 : Concept of GEODESY

Geoids: Concept of Spherical Geometry and Geodesy, Reference Spheroid and Mean Sea Level
Introduction to different spheroid / ellipsoid systems with special reference to Everest and WGS-84 - Geometric Constants, Indian Geodetic Datum; Rectangular and Geographical Co-ordinate System
Satellite Geodesy: Early satellites, Interferometry, Doppler, Point Positioning, Translocation, Observational systems, New Satellite gravity missions

Paper 2 : Geospatial analysis and applications

Geospatial analysis and applications

Introduction to Spatial Analysis: Significance of Spatial Analysis
Vector Based: Overlay Operations: Point-In-Polygon, Line-In-Polygon, Polygon-In-Polygon. Single Layer Operations: Feature Identification, Extraction, Classification Manipulation. Multilayer Operation: Union, Intersection, Symmetrical Difference, Update, Merge, Append and Dissolve
Raster Based: Map Algebra, Grid Based Operations, Local, Focal, Zonal and Global Functions, Cost Surface Analysis and Proximity analysis
Network Analysis: Concepts, Evaluation of Network Complexity Using Alpha-Gamma Indices, Network Data Model. Path Analysis
Point Pattern Analysis: Methods for Evaluating Point Patterns: Clustered and Random Distribution
Spatial Modelling: Role of Spatial Model, Explanative, Predictive and Normative Models. Correlation-Regression Analysis in Model Building
Introduction to Spatial Analysis using ‘R’

Paper 3 : Computer Programming

Unit 1 : Fundamentals of Computer

Introduction to Computers, Data representation, Conversion of data. Memory organization, Different secondary storage devices
Data Representation: Representation of Characters in Computers, Representation of Integers, Representation of Fractions, Hexadecimal Representation of Numbers, Decimal to Binary Conversion

Unit 2 : Data Communication

Introduction to Networks, Star and Bus LAN topologies, Central and distributed computing, Wide area and global networks, The World Wide Web; Using the Internet and email effectively

Unit 3 : C Programming

Introduction to Programming: Basic concepts, program constructions (flowcharts, algorithms, pseudo codes, data structures – stacks, queues, linked lists etc.), Approaches to programming – Top-down, Bottom-up approach, divide & conquer, modular programming
C programming: Preliminaries, Constants & Variables, Arithmetic Expressions, Input Output statements, Control Statements, Do-Statements, C-Preprocessor, Do-While statement, if-else statement, Array, Pointer. Elementary Format Specifications, Logical Statements & Decision Tables
Data Arrangement and access: Basic of Data Arrangement and access, file Environment, Relational database system, DBMS

Unit 4 : Introduction to Python

Introduction to Python, Python vs. .NET Vs. JAVA
Data Type Operators: Data Types, Basic Sample Programming Control Flow, Arrays, List and strings. Classes Modules: Creating Modules and Classes, GIS data access and manipulation with python

Paper 4 : Elective Paper

Optional Paper 1: Geoinformatics in Disaster Management

Unit 1 : Introduction to Disaster Management

Hazard & Disaster: Their types & characterization
Concept of Disaster Management: Pre Disaster, Post Disaster
Hazard & Disaster Mitigation: Landslides, flood, earthquake, Cyclone etc
Disaster Management: Government, NGOs and peoples participation disaster management. Existing organization structure for managing disasters in India.

Unit 2 : Applications of Disaster Management & Mitigation

Uses of Geoinformatics in Disaster Mitigation
Image Interpretation and Analysis for Natural Hazards Assessment
Application of Geoinformatics to Environmental Hazards Monitoring and Modeling
Application of Geoinformatics to Geological Hazards Modeling and Analysis
Application of Geoinformatics to Hydrological Hazards Modeling and Analysis

Optional Paper 2: Geoinformatics in Urban, rural development & regional planning

Unit 1 : Introduction to Urban and Rural planning and Development

Concepts: Introduction to urbanization and urbanism, Origin & growth of urban settlements; process of urbanisation
Urbanization in India: a historical perspective
Theoretical framework of rural development: Introduction to Rural development, Factors, Rural economy, experiences of developed and developing world with examples
Growth Pole theories and the developing world, Regional Environmental Issues

Unit 2 : Applications of Geoinformatics in Urban, rural development & regional planning

Analysis of rural settlement: Cause and effect, distribution of rural settlement with special reference to size and spacing
Rural service centres, Studies on rural urban continum
Brief introduction of Remote Sensing applications on urban landscape, Population estimates, housing quality studies, site selection processes, traffic and parking studies, Urban & rural change detection studies
Applications of RS techniques in Environmental impact assessment in Regional planning

Unit 3 : Case Study

Paper 4 : Project

In the beginning of the Second Semester each learner will choose a topic to continue their project report. The research topic will be guided by their respective supervisors specified by the learner. Each of the learner can proceed their work on individual basis or team work (maximum 2). The work continues with identification of the issues, previous literature work, collection of manifold data (primary and secondary), laboratory investigations, analysis and results achieved etc., under the supervision of their specific guidance. As the work arrives in the last stage the learners are required to submit one copy to the institution in the form of full pledged Project report. On precisely completion of the project, each learner required to portray his/her thesis through power point presentation in front of an expert, faculty and other learners. This presentation will be followed by Viva-voce. These essential works fortify the techniques and skills gained in the inputs of the course, moreover this research will provide learners develop their thinking as well as to build their talents to serve practically in real world.

Topics to be covered
Problem identification, literature review, Data acquisition & collection, Field work, Data processing (Database & Methodology), Results and Discussion/analysis, Report writing and presentation

Practical Paper: (Lab based work)

Unit 1 : Advance concepts in Remote sensing and GIS techniques

Geometric and Atmospheric Correction
Image enhancement and filtering
Advanced classification techniques
Accuracy assessment, ground truthing with spectro-radiometer Algorithm Liberation, Raster calculation, modelling
Vector Editing, Data base creation, Managing Attribute Table, Thematic Maps Charts and Diagrams generation Select and Query in vector layers, GIS based models.
Network, Neighbourhood, Buffer, Proximity, Overlay, Intersection, & Union
Topographic & Morphometric analysis: TIN, DEM, Contour & Isopleth generation

Unit 2 : Geospatial analysis and applications

Editing Data: Selecting Features, Simple Editing Functions, Creating New Features, Modifying, Schema Changes
Understanding Tables, Field Types, Table Manipulations, Table Relationship, Joins, Relates, Creation of Graphs and Reports
Network Analysis: Network Utility, Creating Network Model, Shortest Path, Geocoding

Unit 3 : Computer programming

C Programming Language: Basics, Statements, Loop, Array, String, Pointer vi. DBMS: Database Generation, Database Management, Quarry in Oracle
Python Programming: Flow, Arrays, List and strings. Classes Modules: Creating Modules and Classes, GIS data access and manipulation with python